Semiconductor materials based on dithienopyridone copolymers

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a polymer comprising a unit of formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The present invention also provides an electronic device comprising the polymer as semiconducting material.

Organic semiconducting materials can be used in electronic devices suchas organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs), organic field-effect transistors(OFETs), organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), and organicelectrochromic devices (ECDs).

For efficient and long lasting performance, it is desirable that theorganic semiconducting material-based devices show high charge carriermobility as well as high stability, in particular towards oxidation byair, under ambient environmental conditions.

Furthermore, it is desirable that the organic semiconducting materialsare compatible with liquid processing techniques such as spin coating asliquid processing techniques are convenient from the point ofprocessability, and thus allow the production of low cost organicsemiconducting material-based electronic devices. In addition, liquidprocessing techniques are also compatible with plastic substrates, andthus allow the production of light weight and mechanically flexibleorganic semiconducting material-based electronic devices.

The use of polymeric organic semiconducting materials in electronicdevices is known in the art.

Zhang, M.; Tsao, H. N.; Pisula, W.; Yang, C.; Mishra, A. K.; Mullen, K.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 3472-3473 describes polymers of formula

for use in organic field effect transistors (OFETs).

Xiao, S; Zhou H.; You, W. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 5688-5696 describesthe following polymers

as donor materials for use in photovoltaic devices.

Scharber, M. C.; Koppe, M.; Gao, J.; Cordella, F.; Loi, M. A.; Denk, P.;Morana, M.; Egelhaaf, H.-J.; Forberich, K.; Dennler, G.; Gaudiana, R.;Waller, D.; Zhu, Z.; Shi, X.; Brabec, C. J. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 1-4describes the following polymers

as donor materials for use in solar cells.

Rieger, R.; Beckmann, D.; Pisula, W.; Steffen, W.; Kastler, M.; MullenK. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 83-86 describes the following polymers

for use in organic field-effect transistor (OFET).

Junying Liu, Rui Zhang, Geneviève Sauvé, Tomasz Kowalewski, Richard D.McCullough, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 13167-13176 describes thepolymers

for use in organic field-effect transistor (OFET).

Xugang Guo, Rocio P. Ortiz, Yan Zheng, Yan Hu, Yong-Young Noh, Kang-JunBaeg, Antonio Facchetti, Tobin J. Marks, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133,1405-1418 describes the polymers

for use in organic field-effect transistor (OFET).

Monomeric dithienopyridone is also known in the art.

G. J. Heeres and H. Wynberg, Synth. Comm. 1971, 1, 29 to 31 report thesynthesis of dithienopyridone monomer of formula

It was the object of the present invention to provide new polymericsemiconducting materials.

This object is solved by the polymer of claim 1 and the electronicdevice of claim 15.

The semiconducting material of the present invention is a polymercomprising a unit of formula

wherein

R¹ is H, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituentsR^(c), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituentsR^(c), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituentsR^(c), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituentsR^(d), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6substituents R^(d), monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclicresidue optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(d),C₆₋₁₄-aryl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(e) ormonovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue optionallysubstituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(e),

whereinR^(c) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected fromthe group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN,—NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR²,—S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR², —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂,—CONHR², —CONR²R³, —CO—H, —COR², C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;

R^(d) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected fromthe group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN,—NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR²,—S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR², —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂,—CONHR², —CONR²R³, —CO—H, —COR², C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl,C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromaticheterocyclic residue;

R^(e) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected fromthe group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN,—NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR²,—S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR², —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂,—CONHR², —CONR²R³, —CO—H, —COR², C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl,C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl and monovalent 3 to14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue,

-   -   wherein R² and R³ at each occurrence are independently from each        other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₀-alkyl,        C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,        C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic        heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered        aromatic heterocyclic residue,

X is N or C—R⁴,

-   wherein-   R⁴ is H, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(f), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(f), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(f), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6    substituents R^(g), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1    to 6 substituents R^(g), monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic    heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(g), C₆₋₁₄-aryl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(h) or monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue    optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(h),    -   wherein    -   R^(f) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁵,        —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONR⁵R⁶,        —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered        aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to        14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;    -   R^(g) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁵,        —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONR⁵R⁶,        —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and        monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;    -   R^(h) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁵,        —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONR⁵R⁶,        —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,        C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl and monovalent 3 to 14        membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue,        -   wherein R⁵ and R⁶ at each occurrence are independently from            each other selected from the group consisting of            C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,-   G¹ and G² are independently from each other C₆₋₁₄-arylene optionally    substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(a) or bivalent 5 to 14    membered aromatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1    to 6 substituents R^(a),    -   wherein    -   R^(a) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁸, —S—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁸,        —NR⁸R⁹, —NH—COR⁸, —COOH, —COOR⁸, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁸, —CONR⁸R⁹,        —CO—H, —COR⁸, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(i), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1        to 6 substituents R^(i), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted        with 1 to 6 substituents R^(i), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally        substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j) and        monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j),        -   wherein        -   R⁸ and R⁹ at each occurrence are independently from each            other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,        -   R^(i) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁰, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NH—COR¹⁰, —COON, —COOR¹⁰, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁰, —CONR¹⁰R¹¹, —CO—H, —COR¹⁰, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue,            C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic            heterocyclic residue;        -   R^(j) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁰, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NH—COR¹⁰, —COOH, —COOR¹⁰, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁰, —CONR¹⁰R¹¹, —CO—H, —COR¹⁰, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to            14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;            -   wherein R¹⁰ and R¹¹ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,                or                G¹ and G² are independently from each other

-   -   wherein    -   R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are independently from each other H or C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,

-   L is C₆₋₂₄-arylene optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(b) or bivalent 5 to 24 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue    optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(b),    -   wherein    -   R^(b) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹², —S—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR¹²,        —NR¹²R¹³, —NH—COR¹², —COOH, —COOR¹², —CONH₂, —CONHR¹²,        —CONR¹²R¹³, —CO—H, —COR¹², C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted        with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally        substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k),        C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents        R^(l), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(l) and monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic        heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(l),        -   wherein        -   R¹² and R¹³ at each occurrence are independently from each            other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,        -   R^(k) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁴, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁴, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NH—COR¹⁴, —COOH, —COOR¹⁴, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁴, —CONR¹⁴R¹⁵, —CO—H, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3            to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl            and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic            residue;        -   R^(l) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁴, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁴, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NH—COR¹⁴, —COOH, —COOR¹⁴, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁴, —CONR¹⁴R¹⁵, —CO—H, —COR¹⁴, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to            14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;            -   wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,                or

L is

-   -   wherein    -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently from each other H, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,        —CN or halogen,        q and s are independently from each other 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,        r is 0, 1 or 2,        and        n is an integer from 2 to 10,000.

Preferably, the semiconducting material of the present invention is apolymer consisting essentially of a unit formula

-   wherein-   R¹ is H, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(c), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(c), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(c), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6    substituents R^(d), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1    to 6 substituents R^(d), monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic    heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(d), C₆₋₁₄-aryl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(e) or monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue    optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(e),    -   wherein    -   R^(c) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR², —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR²,        —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂, —CONHR², —CONR²R³,        —CO—H, —COR², C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered        aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to        14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;    -   R^(d) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR², —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR²,        —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂, —CONHR², —CONR²R³,        —CO—H, —COR², C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,        C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic        residue;    -   R^(e) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR², —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR²,        —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂, —CONHR², —CONR²R³,        —CO—H, —COR², C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,        C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl and monovalent 3 to 14        membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue,        -   wherein R² and R³ at each occurrence are independently from            each other selected from the group consisting of            C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,

X is N or C—R⁴,

-   -   wherein    -   R⁴ is H, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(f), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1        to 6 substituents R^(f), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted        with 1 to 6 substituents R^(f), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally        substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(g), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(h),        monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(g),        C₆₋₁₄-aryl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(h)        or monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(h),        -   wherein        -   R^(f) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵,            —CONR⁵R⁶, —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14            membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and            monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;        -   R⁹ at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵,            —CONR⁵R⁶, —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered            aromatic heterocyclic residue;        -   R^(h) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵,            —CONR⁵R⁶, —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl and            monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue,            -   wherein R⁵ and R⁶ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₄-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,

-   G¹ and G² are independently from each other C₆₋₁₄-arylene optionally    substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(a) or bivalent 5 to 14    membered aromatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1    to 6 substituents R^(a),    -   wherein    -   R^(a) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁸, —S—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁸,        —NR⁸R⁹, —NH—COR⁸, —COOH, —COOR⁸, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁸, —CONR⁸R⁹,        —CO—H, —COR⁸, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(i), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1        to 6 substituents R^(i), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted        with 1 to 6 substituents R^(i), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally        substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j) and        monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j),        -   wherein        -   R⁸ and R⁹ at each occurrence are independently from each            other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,        -   R^(i) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁰, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NH—COR¹⁰, —COOH, —COOR¹⁰, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁰, —CONR¹⁰R¹¹, —CO—H, —COR¹⁰, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue,            C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic            heterocyclic residue;        -   R^(j) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁰, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NH—COR¹⁰, —COOH, —COOR¹⁰, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁰, —CONR¹⁰R¹¹, —CO—H, —COR¹⁰, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to            14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;            -   wherein R¹⁰ and R¹¹ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,                or                G¹ and G² are independently from each other

-   -   wherein    -   R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are independently from each other H or C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,

-   L is C₆₋₂₄-arylene optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(b) or bivalent 5 to 24 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue    optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(b),    -   wherein    -   R^(b) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹², —S—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR¹²,        —NR¹²R¹³, —NH—COR¹², —COOH, —COOR¹², —CONH₂, —CONHR¹²,        —CONR¹²R¹³, —CO—H, —COR¹², C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted        with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally        substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k),        C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents        R^(l), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(l) and monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic        heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(l),        -   wherein        -   R¹² and R¹³ at each occurrence are independently from each            other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,        -   R^(k) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁴, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁴, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NH—COR¹⁴, —COOH, —COOR¹⁴, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁴, —CONR¹⁴R¹⁵, —CO—H, —COR¹⁴, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue,            C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic            heterocyclic residue;        -   R^(l) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁴, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁴, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NH—COR¹⁴, —COOH, —COOR¹⁴, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁴, —CONR¹⁴R¹⁵, —CO—H, —COR¹⁴, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to            14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;            -   wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,                or

L is

-   -   wherein    -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently from each other H, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,        —CN or halogen,        q and s are independently from each other 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,        r is 0, 1 or 2,        and        n is an integer from 2 to 10,000.

The term “essentially consisting of” means that at least 80% by weight,more preferably at least 90% by weight, of the polymer consists of thesum of units of formula (1) and (1′) based on the weight of the polymer.

More preferably, the semiconducting material of the present invention isa polymer consisting of a unit of formula

wherein

-   R¹ is H, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(c), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(c), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(c), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6    substituents R^(d), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1    to 6 substituents R^(d), monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic    heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(d), C₆₋₁₄-aryl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(e) or monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue    optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(e),    -   wherein    -   R^(c) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR², —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR²,        —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂, —CONHR², —CONR²R³,        —CO—H, —COR², C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered        aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to        14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;    -   R^(d) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,        —CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR², —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR²,        —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂, —CONHR², —CONR²R³,        —CO—H, —COR², C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,        C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic        residue;    -   R^(e) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR², —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR²,        —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂, —CONHR², —CONR²R³,        —CO—H, —COR², C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,        C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl and monovalent 3 to 14        membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue,        -   wherein R² and R³ at each occurrence are independently from            each other selected from the group consisting of            C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,

X is Nor C—R⁴,

-   -   wherein    -   R⁴ is H, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(f), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1        to 6 substituents R^(f), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted        with 1 to 6 substituents R^(f), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally        substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(g), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(g),        monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(g),        C₆₋₁₄-aryl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(h)        or monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(h),        -   wherein        -   R^(f) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵,            —CONR⁵R⁶, —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14            membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and            monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;        -   R^(g) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵,            —CONR⁵R⁶, —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered            aromatic heterocyclic residue;        -   R^(h) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵,            —CONR⁵R⁶, —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl and            monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue,            -   wherein R⁵ and R⁶ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,

-   G¹ and G² are independently from each other C₆₋₁₄-arylene optionally    substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(a) or bivalent 5 to 14    membered aromatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1    to 6 substituents R^(a),    -   wherein    -   R^(a) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁸, —S—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁸,        —NR⁸R⁹, —NH—COR⁸, —COOH, —COOR⁸, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁸, —CONR⁸R⁹,        —CO—H, —COR⁸, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(i), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1        to 6 substituents C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted with 1 to        6 substituents R^(i), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted        with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally        substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j) and monovalent 3 to        14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue optionally        substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j),        -   wherein        -   R⁸ and R⁹ at each occurrence are independently from each            other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,        -   R^(i) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁰, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NH—COR¹⁰, —COOH, —COOR¹⁰, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁰, —CONR¹⁰R¹¹, —CO—H, —COR¹⁰, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue,            C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic            heterocyclic residue;        -   R^(j) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁰, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NH—COR¹⁰, —COOH, —COOR¹⁰, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁰, —CONR¹⁰R¹¹, —CO—H, —COR¹⁰, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to            14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;            -   wherein R¹⁰ and R¹¹ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,                or                G¹ and G² are independently from each other

-   -   wherein    -   R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are independently from each other H or C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,

-   L is C₆₋₂₄-arylene optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(b) or bivalent 5 to 24 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue    optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(b),    -   wherein    -   R^(b) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹², —S—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR¹²,        —NR¹²R¹³, —NH—COR¹², —COOH, —COOR¹², —CONH₂, —CONHR¹²,        —CONR¹²R¹³, —CO—H, —COR¹², C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted        with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally        substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k),        C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents        R^(l), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(l) and monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic        heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(l),        -   wherein        -   R¹² and R¹³ at each occurrence are independently from each            other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,        -   R^(k) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁴, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁴, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NH—COR¹⁴, —COOH, —COOR¹⁴, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁴, —CONR¹⁴R¹⁵, —CO—H, —COR¹⁴, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue,            C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic            heterocyclic residue;        -   R^(l) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁴, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁴, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NH—COR¹⁴, —COOH, —COOR¹⁴, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁴, —CONR¹⁴R¹⁵, —CO—H, —COR¹⁴, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to            14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;            -   wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,                or

L is

-   -   wherein    -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently from each other H, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,        —CN or halogen,        q and s are independently from each other 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,        r is 0, 1 or 2,        and        n is an integer from 2 to 10,000.

C₁₋₁₀-alkyl and C₁₋₃₀-alkyl can be branched or unbranched. Examples ofC₁₋₁₀-alkyl are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl,isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, n-(1-ethyl)propyl,n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-(2-ethyl)hexyl, n-nonyl and n-decyl.Examples of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl are C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, and n-undecyl, n-dodecyl,n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tridecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-pentadecyl,n-hexadecyl, n-heptadecyl, n-octadecyl, n-nonadecyl and n-icosyl (C₂₀),n-docosyl (C₂₂), n-tetracosyl (C₂₄), n-hexacosyl (C₂₆), n-octacosyl(C₂₈) and n-triacontyl (C₃₀).

C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl and C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl can be branched or unbranched. Examplesof C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl are vinyl, propenyl, cis-2-butenyl, trans-2-butenyl,3-butenyl, cis-2-pentenyl, trans-2-pentenyl, cis-3-pentenyl,trans-3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 2-methyl-3-butenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl,octenyl, nonenyl and docenyl. Examples of C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl areC₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, and linoleyl (C₁₈), linolenyl (C₁₈), oleyl (C₁₈),arachidonyl (C₂₀), and erucyl (C₂₂).

C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl and C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl can be branched or unbranched. Examplesof C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl are ethynyl, 2-propynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl,pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl and decynyl. Examples ofC₂₋₃₀-alkynyl are C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, and undecynyl, dodecynyl, undecynyl,dodecynyl, tridecynyl, tetradecynyl, pentadecynyl, hexadecynyl,heptadecynyl, octadecynyl, nonadecynyl and icosynyl (C₂₀).

Examples of C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl are preferably monocyclic C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkylssuch as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyland cyclooctyl, but include also polycyclic C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyls such asdecalinyl, norbornyl and adamantyl.

Examples of C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl are preferably monocyclicC₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyls such as cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyland cycloheptatrienyl, but include also polycyclic C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyls.

Examples of monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residuesare monocyclic monovalent 3 to 8 membered aliphatic cyclic residues andpolycyclic, for example bicyclic monovalent 7 to 12 membered aliphaticheterocyclic residues.

Examples of monocyclic monovalent 3 to 8 membered aliphatic heterocyclicresidues are monocyclic monovalent 5 membered aliphatic heterocyclicresidues containing one heteroatom such as pyrrolidinyl, 1-pyrrolinyl,2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, 2,3-dihydrofuryl,tetrahydrothiophenyl and 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl, monocyclic monovalent 5membered aliphatic heterocyclic residues containing two heteroatoms suchas imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl,oxazolidinyl, oxazolinyl, isoxazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, thiazolidinyl,thiazolinyl, isothiazolidinyl and isothiazolinyl, monocyclic monovalent5 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residues containing three heteroatomssuch as 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl and 1,4,2-dithiazolyl,monocyclic monovalent 6 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residuescontaining one heteroatom such as piperidyl, piperidino,tetrahydropyranyl, pyranyl, thianyl and thiopyranyl, monocyclicmonovalent 6 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residues containing twoheteroatoms such as piperazinyl, morpholinyl and morpholino andthiazinyl, monocyclic monovalent 7 membered aliphatic heterocyclicresidues containing one hereoatom such as azepanyl, azepinyl, oxepanyl,thiepanyl, thiapanyl, thiepinyl, and monocyclic monovalent 7 memberedaliphatic heterocyclic residues containing two hereoatom such as1,2-diazepinyl and 1,3-thiazepinyl.

An example of a bicyclic monovalent 7-12 membered aliphatic heterocyclicresidue is decahydronaphthyl.

C₆₋₁₄-aryl can be monocyclic or polycyclic. Examples of C₆₋₁₄-aryl aremonocyclic C₆-aryl such as phenyl, bicyclic C₉₋₁₀-aryl such as1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indenyl, indanyl and tetrahydronaphthyl, andtricyclic C₁₂₋₁₄-aryl such as anthryl, phenanthryl, fluorenyl ands-indacenyl.

The monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues can bemonocyclic monovalent 5 to 8 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues, orpolycyclic, for example bicyclic monovalent 7 to 12 membered, tricyclicmonovalent 9 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue, ortetracyclic monovalent 9 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues.

Examples of monocyclic monovalent 5 to 8 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidues are monocyclic monovalent 5 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidues containing one heteroatom such as pyrrolyl, furyl andthiophenyl, monocyclic monovalent 5 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidues containing two heteroatoms such as imidazolyl, pyrazolyl,oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, monocyclic monovalent 5membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containing three heteroatomssuch as 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl and oxadiazolyl, monocyclicmonovalent 5 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containing fourheteroatoms such as tetrazolyl, monocyclic monovalent 6 memberedaromatic heterocyclic residues containing one heteroatom such aspyridyl, monocyclic monovalent 6 membered aromatic heterocyclic residuescontaining two heteroatoms such as pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl andpyridazinyl, monocyclic monovalent 6 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidues containing three heteroatoms such as 1,2,3-triazinyl,1,2,4-triazinyl and 1,3,5-triazinyl, monocyclic monovalent 7 memberedaromatic heterocyclic residues containing one heteroatom such asazepinyl, and monocyclic monovalent 7 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidues containing two heteroatoms such as 1,2-diazepinyl,

Examples of bicyclic monovalent 7 to 12 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidues are bicyclic monovalent 8 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidues containing two heteroatoms such as thieno[3,2-b]thiophenyl,bicyclic 9 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containing oneheteroatom such as indolyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, indolinyl,benzofuryl, isobenzofuryl, benzothiophenyl and isobenzothiophenyl,bicyclic monovalent 9 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containingtwo heteroatoms such as indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzimidazolinyl,benzoxazolyl, benzisooxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl,furopyridyl and thienopyridyl, bicyclic monovalent 9 membered aromaticheterocyclic residues containing three heteroatoms such asbenzotriazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, oxazolopyridyl, isooxazolopyridyl,thiazolopyridyl, isothiazolopyridyl and imidazopyridyl, bicyclicmonovalent 9 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containing fourheteroatoms such as purinyl, bicyclic monovalent 10 membered aromaticheterocyclic residues containing one heteroatom such as quinolyl,isoquinolyl, chromenyl and chromanyl, bicyclic monovalent 10 memberedaromatic heterocyclic residues containing two heteroatoms such asquinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, 1,5-naphthyridinyland 1,8-naphthyridinyl, bicyclic monovalent 10 membered aromaticheterocyclic residues containing three heteroatoms such aspyridopyrazinyl, pyridopyrimidinyl and pyridopyridazinyl, and bicyclicmonovalent 10 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containing fourheteroatoms such as pteridinyl.

Examples of tricyclic monovalent 9 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidues are dibenzofuryl, acridinyl, phenoxazinyl,7H-cyclopenta[1,2-b:3,4-b′]dithiophenyl and4H-cyclopenta-[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophenyl. An example of a tricyclicmonovalent 9 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue containingthree heteroatoms is dithienothiophenyl of formula

An example of a tetracyclic monovalent 9 to 14 membered aromaticheterocyclic residue containing four heteroatoms is trithienothiophenylof formula

Examples of halogen are —F, —Cl, —Br and —I.

Examples of C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy,n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, isobutoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, neopentoxy,isopentoxy, hexoxy, n-heptoxy, n-octoxy, n-nonoxy and n-decoxy. Examplesof C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy are C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, and n-undecoxy, n-dodecoxy,n-undecoxy, n-dodecoxy, n-tridecoxy, n-tetradecoxy, n-pentadecoxy,n-hexadecoxy, n-heptadecoxy, n-octadecoxy, n-nonadecoxy and n-icosoxy(C₂₀), n-docosoxy (C₂₂), n-tetracosoxy (C₂₄), n-hexacosoxy (C₂₆),n-octacosoxy (C₂₈) and n-triacontoxy (C₃₀).

Examples of C₂₋₆-alkylene are ethylene, butylene, pentylene, hexyleneand 2-methylpentylene.

Examples of C₆₋₁₄-arylene are monocyclic C₆-arylene such as phenylene,bicyclic C₉₋₁₀-arylene such as naphthylene, for example

indenylene, for example

indanylene, for example

and tetrahydronaphthylene, for example

and tricyclic C₁₂₋₁₄-arylene such as anthrylene, for example

phenanthrylene, for example

fluorenylene, for example

ands-indacenylene, for example

Examples of C₆₋₂₄-arylene are C₆₋₁₄-arylene and

pyrenylene, for example

tetracenylene, for example

perylenylene, for example

indenofluorenylene, for example

pentacenylene, for example

coronenylene, for example

and tetraphenylenylene, for example

The bivalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues can bemonocyclic bivalent 5 to 8 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues, orpolycyclic, for example bicyclic bivalent 7 to 14 membered, tricyclicbivalent 9 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues, or tetracyclicbivalent 9 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues.

Examples of monocyclic bivalent 5 to 8 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidues are monocyclic bivalent 5 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidues containing one heteroatom such as pyrrolylene, furylene andthiophenylene, monocyclic bivalent 5 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidues containing two heteroatoms such as imidazolylene, pyrazolylene,oxazolylene, isoxazolylene, thiazolylene, isothiazolylene, monocyclicbivalent 5 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containing threeheteroatoms such as 1,2,3-triazolylene, 1,2,4-triazolylene andoxadiazolylene, monocyclic bivalent 5 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidues containing four heteroatoms such as tetrazolylene, monocyclicbivalent 6 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containing oneheteroatom such as pyridylene, monocyclic bivalent 6 membered aromaticheterocyclic residues containing two heteroatoms such as pyrazinylene,pyrimidinylene and pyridazinylene, monocyclic bivalent 6 memberedaromatic heterocyclic residues containing three heteroatoms such as1,2,3-triazinylene, 1,2,4-triazinylene and 1,3,5-triazinylene,monocyclic bivalent 7 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containingone heteroatom such as azepinylene, and monocyclic bivalent 7 memberedaromatic heterocyclic residues containing two heteroatoms such as1,2-diazepinylene.

Examples of bicyclic bivalent 7 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidues are bicyclic bivalent 8 membered aromatic heterocyclic residuescontaining two heteroatoms such as thienothiophenylene, for example

bicyclic bivalent 8 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containingthree heteroatoms such as as thienothiazolylene, for example

bicyclic bivalent 8 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containingfour heteroatoms such as thiazothiazolylene, for example

bicyclic bivalent 9 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containingone heteroatom such as indolylene, isoindolylene, indolizinylene,indolinylene, isoindolinylene, for example

benzofurylene, isobenzofurylene, benzothiophenylene andisobenzothiophenylene,bicyclic bivalent 9 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containingtwo heteroatoms such as indazolylene, benzimidazolylene,benzimidazolinylene, benzoxazolylene, benzisooxazolylene,benzthiazolylene, benzisothiazolylene, furopyridylene andthienopyridylene,bicyclic bivalent 9 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containingthree heteroatoms such as benzotriazolylene, benzoxadiazolylene,oxazolopyridylene, isooxazolopyridylene, thiazolopyridylene,isothiazolopyridylene, imidazopyridylene, benzothiadiazolylene, forexample

and dioxanothiophenylene, for example

bicyclic bivalent 9 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containingfour heteroatoms such as purinylene,bicyclic bivalent 10 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containingone heteroatom such as quinolylene, isoquinolylene, chromenylene andchromanylene,bicyclic bivalent 10 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containingtwo heteroatoms such as quinoxalinylene, for example

quinazolinylene, cinnolinylene, phthalazinylene, 1,5-naphthyridinyleneand 1,8-naphthyridinylene,bicyclic bivalent 10 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues containingthree heteroatoms such as pyridopyrazinylene, pyridopyrimidinylene andpyridopyridazinylene, and bicyclic bivalent 10 membered aromaticheterocyclic residues containing four heteroatoms such as pteridinylene.

Examples of tricyclic bivalent 9 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidues containing one heteroatom are dibenzofurylene, acridinylene,dibenzosilacyclopentadienylene, for example

and dibenzopyrrolylene, for example

Examples of a tricyclic bivalent 9 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidues containing two heteroatoms are phenoxazinylene, and thefollowing compounds

Examples of tricyclic bivalent 9 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidue containing three heteroatoms are the following compounds

Examples of tricyclic bivalent 9 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclicresidue containing four-heteroatoms are the following compounds

An example of a tricyclic bivalent 9 to 14 membered aromaticheterocyclic residue containing six heteroatoms is the followingcompound

An example of a tetracyclic bivalent 9 to 14 membered aromaticheterocyclic residue containing four heteroatoms is the followingcompound

Examples of bivalent 5 to 24 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues arebivalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residues, and thefollowing compounds

Examples of L are:

In preferred units of formula (1) and (1′)

-   R¹ is H, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(c), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(c), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(c), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6    substituents R^(d), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1    to 6 substituents R^(d) or monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic    heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(d),    -   wherein    -   R^(c) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR², —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR²,        —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂, —CONHR², —CONR²R³,        —CO—H, —COR², C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered        aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to        14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;    -   R^(d) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR², —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR²,        —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂, —CONHR², —CONR²R³,        —CO—H, —COR², C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and        monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;        -   wherein R² and R³ at each occurrence are independently from            each other selected from the group consisting of            C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,

X is C—R⁴,

-   -   wherein    -   R⁴ is H, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(f), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1        to 6 substituents R^(f), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted        with 1 to 6 substituents R^(f), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally        substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(g), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(g) or        monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(g),        -   wherein        -   R^(f) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵,            —CONR⁵R⁶, —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14            membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and            monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;        -   R^(g) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵,            —CONR⁵R⁶, —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered            aromatic heterocyclic residue;            -   wherein R⁵ and R⁶ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,

-   G¹ and G² are independently from each other C₆₋₁₄-arylene optionally    substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(a) or bivalent 5 to 14    membered aromatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1    to 6 substituents R^(a),    -   wherein    -   R^(a) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁸, —S—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁸,        —NR⁸R⁹, —NH—COR⁸, —COOH, —COOR⁸, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁸, —CONR⁸R⁹,        —CO—H, —COR⁸, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(i), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1        to 6 substituents R^(i), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted        with 1 to 6 substituents R^(i), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally        substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j) and        monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j),        -   wherein        -   R⁸ and R⁹ at each occurrence are independently from each            other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,        -   R^(i) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁰, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NH—COR¹⁰, —COOH, —COOR¹⁰, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁰, —CONR¹⁰R¹¹, —CO—H, —COR¹⁰, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue,            C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic            heterocyclic residue;        -   R^(j) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁰, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NH—COR¹⁰, —COOH, —COOR¹⁰, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁰, —CONR¹⁰R¹¹, —CO—H, —COR¹⁰, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to            14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;            -   wherein R¹⁰ and R¹¹ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,                or                G¹ and G² are independently from each other

-   -   wherein    -   R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are independently from each other H or C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,

-   L is C₆₋₂₄-arylene optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    RD or bivalent 5 to 24 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue    optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(b),    -   wherein    -   R^(b) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹², —S—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR¹²,        —NR¹²R¹³, —NH—COR¹², —COOH, —COOR¹², —CONH₂, —CONHR¹²,        —CONR¹²R¹³, —CO—H, —COR¹², C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted        with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally        substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k),        C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents        R^(l), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(l) and monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic        heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(l),        -   wherein        -   R¹² and R¹³ at each occurrence are independently from each            other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,        -   R^(k) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁴, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁴, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NH—COR¹⁴, —COOH, —COOR¹⁴, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁴, —CONR¹⁴R¹⁵, —CO—H, —COR¹⁴, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue,            C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic            heterocyclic residue;        -   R^(l) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁴, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁴, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NH—COR¹⁴, —COOH, —COOR¹⁴, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁴, —CONR¹⁴R¹⁵, —CO—H, —COR¹⁴, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to            14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;            -   wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀—cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,                or

L is

-   -   wherein    -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently from each other H or C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,        q and s are independently from each other 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,        r is 0, 1 or 2,        and        n is an integer from 5 to 10,000.

In more preferred units of formula (1) and (1′)

R¹ is H or C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituentsR^(c),

-   -   wherein    -   R^(c) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR², —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR²,        —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂, —CONHR², —CONR²R³,        —CO—H, —COR², C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered        aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to        14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;        -   wherein R² and R³ at each occurrence are independently from            each other selected from the group consisting of            C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,

X is C—R⁴,

-   -   wherein    -   R⁴ is H or C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents        -   wherein        -   R^(f) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵,            —CONR⁵R⁶, —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14            membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and            monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;            -   wherein R⁵ and R⁶ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,

-   G¹ and G² are independently from each other C₆₋₁₄-arylene optionally    substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(a) or bivalent 5 to 14    membered aromatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1    to 6 substituents R^(a),    -   wherein    -   R^(a) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁸, —S—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁸,        —NR⁸R⁹, —NH—COR⁸, —COOH, —COOR⁸, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁸, —CONR⁸R⁹,        —CO—H, —COR⁸, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(i), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1        to 6 substituents R^(i), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted        with 1 to 6 substituents R^(i), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally        substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j) and        monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents        -   wherein        -   R⁸ and R⁹ at each occurrence are independently from each            other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,        -   R^(i) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁰, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NH—COR¹⁰, —COOH, —COOR¹⁰, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁰, —CONR¹⁰R¹¹, —CO—H, —COR¹⁰, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue,            C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic            heterocyclic residue;        -   R^(j) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁰, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NH—COR¹⁰, —COOH, —COOR¹⁰, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁰, —CONR¹⁰R¹¹, —CO—H, —COR¹⁰, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to            14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;            -   wherein R¹⁰ and R¹¹ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,                or                G¹ and G² are independently from each other

-   -   wherein    -   R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are independently from each other H or C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,

-   L is C₆₋₂₄-arylene optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents    R^(b) or bivalent 5 to 24 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue    optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(b),    -   wherein    -   R^(b) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹², —S—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR¹²,        —NR¹²R¹³, —NH—COR¹², —COOH, —COOR¹², —CONH₂, —CONHR¹²,        —CONR¹²R¹³, —CO—H, —COR¹², C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted        with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally        substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k),        C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents        R^(l), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(l) and monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic        heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(l),        -   wherein        -   R¹² and R¹³ at each occurrence are independently from each            other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,        -   R^(k) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁴, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁴, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NH—COR¹⁴, —COOH, —COOR¹⁴, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁴, —CONR¹⁴R¹⁵, —CO—H, —COR¹⁴, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue,            C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic            heterocyclic residue;        -   R^(l) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁴, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁴, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NH—COR¹⁴, —COOH, —COOR¹⁴, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁴, —CONR¹⁴R¹⁵, —CO—H, —COR¹⁴, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered            aromatic heterocyclic residue;            -   wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,                or

L is

-   -   wherein    -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently from each other H or C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,        q and s are independently from each other 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,        r is 0, 1 or 2,        and        n is an integer from 5 to 10,000.

In even more preferred units of formula (1) and (1′)

R¹ is C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(c),

-   -   wherein    -   R^(c) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR², —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR²,        —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂, —CONHR², —CONR²R³,        —CO—H, —COR², C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered        aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to        14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;        -   wherein R² and R³ at each occurrence are independently from            each other selected from the group consisting of            C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,

X is C—R⁴,

-   -   wherein    -   R⁴ is H or C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(f),        -   wherein        -   R^(f) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶,            —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁶, —CONR⁵R⁶, —CO—H,            —COR⁵, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered            aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5            to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;            -   wherein R⁵ and R⁶ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,

-   G¹ and G² are independently from each other monocyclic bivalent 5 to    8 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with    1 to 4 substituents R^(a),    -   wherein    -   R^(a) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁸, —S—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁸,        —NR⁸R⁹, —NH—COR⁸, —COOH, —COOR⁸, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁸, —CONR⁸R⁹,        —CO—H, —COR⁸, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(i), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1        to 6 substituents R^(i), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted        with 1 to 6 substituents R^(i), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally        substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j) and        monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j),        -   wherein        -   R⁸ and R⁹ at each occurrence are independently from each            other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,        -   R^(i) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁰, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NH—COR¹⁰, —COOH, —COOR¹⁰, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁰, —CONR¹⁰R¹¹, —CO—H, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3            to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl            and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic            residue;        -   R^(j) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁰, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NH—COR¹⁰, —COOH, —COOR¹⁰, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁰, —CONR¹⁰R¹¹, —CO—H, —COR¹⁰, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to            14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue;            -   wherein R¹⁰ and R¹¹ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,

-   L is monocyclic bivalent 5 to 8 membered aromatic heterocyclic    residue optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents R^(b),    -   wherein    -   R^(b) at each occurrence are independently from each other        selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,        —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy,        —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹², —S—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR¹²,        —NR¹²R¹³, —NH—COR¹², —COOH, —COOR¹², —CONH₂, —CONHR¹²,        —CONR¹²R¹³, —CO—H, —COR¹², C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted        with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally        substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl        optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k),        C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents        R^(l), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents R^(l) and monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic        heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6        substituents        -   wherein        -   R¹² and R¹³ at each occurrence are independently from each            other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,            C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic            heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14            membered aromatic heterocyclic residue,        -   R^(k) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁴, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁴, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NH—COR¹⁴, —COOH, —COOR¹⁴, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁴, —CONR¹⁴R¹⁵, —CO—H, —COR¹⁴, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl,            monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue,            C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic            heterocyclic residue;        -   R^(l) at each occurrence are independently from each other            selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂,            —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy,            —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁴, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂,            —NHR¹⁴, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NH—COR¹⁴, —COOH, —COOR¹⁴, —CONH₂,            —CONHR¹⁴, —CONR¹⁴R¹⁵, —CO—H, —COR¹⁴, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl,            C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered            aromatic heterocyclic residue;            -   wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ at each occurrence are independently                from each other selected from the group consisting of                C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl,                C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14                membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and                monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic                residue,                or

L is

-   -   wherein    -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently from each other H or C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,        q and s are independently from each other 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,        r is 0, 1 or 2,        and        n is an integer from 5 to 10,000.

In most preferred units of formula (1) and (1′)

R¹ is C₁₋₃₀-alkyl

X is C—R⁴,

-   -   wherein    -   R⁴ is H,

-   G¹ and G² are independently from each other monocyclic bivalent 5 to    8 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with    1 to 4 substituents R^(a),    -   wherein    -   R^(a) at each occurrence are independently from each other        C₁₋₃₀-alkyl,

-   L is monocyclic bivalent 5 to 8 membered aromatic heterocyclic    residue optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents R^(b),    -   wherein

-   R^(b) at each occurrence are independently from each other    C₁₋₃₀-alkyl    or

L is

-   -   wherein    -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are both H,        q and s are both 1,        r is 1,        and        n is an integer from 5 to 10,000.

A particular preferred unit of formula (1) is the unit of formula

wherein R¹, X, R^(a), L and n are as defined above.

A particular preferred unit of formula (1′) is the unit of formula

wherein R¹, X, R^(a), L and n are as defined above.

In particular preferred units of formula (1a), (1′), (1a) and (1′ a)

L is

Preferably, n is an integer from 5 to 5,000, more preferably from 5 to1,000, even more preferably from 5 to 100, and most preferably from 10to 100.

Particular preferred examples of units of formulae (1) and (1a) are theunits of formula

wherein n is an integer from 10 to 1000, preferably from 10 to 100,and

wherein n is an integer from 10 to 1000, preferably from 10 to 100.

Particular preferred examples of units of formulae (1′) and (1′a) arethe units of formula

wherein n is an integer from 10 to 1000, preferably from 10 to 100,and

wherein n is an integer from 10 to 1000, preferably from 10 to 100.

The semiconducting material of the present invention can be a polymercomprising preferably at least 80% by weight, more preferably at least90% by weight, of a unit of formula (1) and/or (1′), respectively, (1a)and/or (1′ a) based on the weight of the polymer.

Most preferably, the semiconducting material of the present invention isa polymer consisting essentially of a unit of formula (1) and/or (1′),respectively, (1a) and/or (1′ a).

The polymer comprising a unit of formula (1) and/or (1′) can be preparedby methods known in the art.

The polymer comprising a unit of formula (1) and/or (1′) can, forexample, be prepared by treating a compound of formula

wherein R¹ and X are as defined above, and Hal is halogen, preferably—Br,with a compound of formula

wherein G¹, G², L, q, r and s are as defined above, and R¹⁰⁰, R¹⁰¹ andR¹⁰² are independently from each other C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, preferably methyl,in the presence of transition metal catalyst 1.

Transition metal catalyst 1 is preferably a palladium catalyst suchtris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0), preferably in combination witha phosphine such as tri-o-tolylphosphine. The reaction is preferablyperformed at elevated temperatures such 80 to 200° C., preferably 90 to150° C. The reaction can be performed in an inert organic solvent suchas chlorobenzene. The reaction can be stopped by the addition of endcappers such as 2-bromothiophene and 2-tributylstannylthiophene. Thecrude product may be worked up by conventional methods, for example byextracting the crude product with an appropriate solvent, for examplewith acetone.

The compound of formula (2) can be prepared by treating a compound offormula

wherein R¹, X and Hal are as defined above,with transition metal catalyst 2.

Transition metal catalyst 2 is preferably copper. The reaction ispreferably performed at elevated temperatures such 80 to 150° C.,preferably 100 to 120° C. The reaction can be performed in an inertorganic solvent such as dimethylformamide. The crude product may beworked up by conventional methods, for example by extracting the crudeproduct with an appropriate solvent, for example with diethylether.

The compound of formula (4) can be prepared by treating a compound offormula

wherein R¹ and X are as defined above,with a halogenating agent The halogenating agent is preferablyN-bromosuccinimide. The reaction is preferably performed at slightlyelevated temperatures such 35 to 80° C., preferably 40 to 60° C. Thereaction can be performed in an organic solvent such chloroform/aceticacid. The crude product may be worked up by conventional methods, forexample by extracting the crude product with an appropriate solvent, forexample with dichloromethane.

The compound of formula (5) can be prepared by reacting a compound offormula

wherein R¹ and X are as defined above,with a compound of formula

wherein X is as defined above, and LG¹ is a leaving group, preferably—Cl,in the presence of a base.

The base is preferably a tertiary amine such as triethylamine. Thereaction is preferably performed at slightly elevated temperatures such35 to 80° C., preferably at 40 to 60° C. The reaction can be performedin an organic solvent such chloroform/acetic acid. The crude product maybe worked up by conventional methods, for example by extracting thecrude product with an appropriate solvent, for example withdichloromethane.

The compounds of formulae (2), (4) and (5) are also part of theinvention.

Also part of the present invention is an electronic device comprisingthe polymer comprising a unit of formula (1) and/or (1′) assemiconducting material. Preferably, the electronic device is an organicfield effect transistor (OFET), and in particular a thin film transistor(TFT). Preferably, the electronic device is an organic photovoltaicdevice (OPV).

Usually, an organic field effect transistor comprises a dielectriclayer, a semiconducting layer and a substrate. In addition, an organicfield effect transistor usually comprises a gate electrode andsource/drain electrodes.

An organic field effect transistor can have various designs.

The most common design of a field-effect transistor is the Bottom-GateTop-Contact (BGTC) design. Here, the gate is on top of the substrate andat the bottom of the dielectric layer, the semiconducting layer is atthe top of the dielectric layer and the source/drain electrodes are ontop of the semiconducting layer.

Another design of a field-effect transistor is the Top-GateBottom-Contact (TGBC) design. Here, the source/drain electrodes are ontop of the substrate and at the bottom of the semiconducting layer, thedielectric layer is on top of the semiconducting layer and the gateelectrode is on top of the dielectric layer.

The semiconducting layer comprises the semiconducting material of thepresent invention. The semiconducting layer can have a thickness of 5 to500 nm, preferably of 10 to 100 nm, more preferably of 20 to 50 nm.

The dielectric layer comprises a dielectric material. The dielectricmaterial can be silicium/silicium dioxide, or, preferably, an organicpolymer such as polystyrene (PS), poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA),poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVP), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), anzocyclobutene(BCB), or polyimide (PI). The dielectric layer can have a thickness of10 to 2000 nm, preferably of 50 to 1000 nm, more preferably of 100 to800 nm.

The source/drain contacts and the gate contact can be made from anysuitable material, for example Au.

The substrate can be any suitable substrate such as glass, or a plasticsubstrate. Preferably the substrate is a plastic substrate such aspolyethersulfone, polycarbonate, polysulfone, polyethylene terephthalate(PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). More preferably, the plasticsubstrate is a plastic foil.

The organic field effect transistor can be prepared by methods known inthe art.

For example, a top-gate bottom-contact (TGBC) thin film transistors(TFTs) can be prepared as follows: first: the source/drain contacts areplaced on the substrate, for example by thermal evaporation of thesource/drain material; second: the substrate is coated with thesemiconducting layer, for example by spin-coating a solution of thesemiconducting material in a suitable solvent and drying thesemiconducting layer at elevated temperatures, for example at 80 to 100°C.; third: the semiconducting layer is coated with a solution of thedielectric material in a suitable solvent, for example by spin-coating asolution of the dielectric material and drying the dielectric layer atelevated temperatures, for example at 80 to 100° C.; fourth: the gatecontact is placed on top of the dielectric layer, for example by thermalevaporation of the gate material.

Also part of the present invention is the use of the polymer comprisingthe unit of formula (1) and/or (1′) as semiconducting material.

Electronic devices comprising the semiconducting materials of thepresent invention show high charge carrier mobility as well as highstability, in particular towards oxidation by air, under ambientenvironmental conditions.

In addition, the semiconducting materials of the present invention arecompatible with liquid processing techniques such as spin coating andthus allow the production of low cost, light weight and flexibleelectronic devices.

EXAMPLES

All reagents are purchased from commercial sources and used withoutfurther purification unless otherwise noted. Conventional Schlenktechniques are used, and reactions are carried out under N₂ unlessotherwise noted. NMR spectra are recorded on a Varian 400MR spectrometer(¹H, 400 MHz). Polymer molecular weights are determined on Agilent 1200series with refractive index detector in THF at room temperature versuspolystyrene standards.

Example 1 Preparation of 3-dodecylaminothiophene (6a)

A mixture of 3-bromothiophene (7.20 g, 44.16 mmol), dodecylamine (12.28g, 166.24 mmol), Cu (0.14 g, 2.21 mmol), CuI (0.42 g, 2.21 mmol), K₃PO₄(18.75 g, 88.32 mmol), and N,N-dimethylethanolamine (60 mL) is purgedwith N₂. The reaction mixture is then stirred for 2 days at 90° C. undernitrogen. The reaction mixture is quenched with water and extracted withdiethyl ether followed by washing with brine. The organic layer is driedover Na₂SO₄. The crude compound is purified by column chromatography onsilica gel with 0-5% ethyl acetate in hexane as eluent to give3-dodecylaminothiophene (6a) as a brown solid (5.75 g, 49%). ¹H-NMR (400MHz) ppm 7.11 (dd, 1H, J=3.0 Hz, J=5.2 Hz), 6.58 (dd, 1H, J=1.5 Hz,J=5.1 Hz), 5.88 (dd, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, J=3.0 Hz), 3.02 (t, 2H, J=7.1 Hz),1.58 (m, 2H), 1.35 (m, 18H), 0.86 (t, 3H, J=6.8 Hz).

Example 2 Preparation of 3-thiophenecarbonylchloride (7a)

3-thiophenecarboxylic acid (3.50 g, 27.31 mmol) and toluene (80 mL) areadded to a round-bottom-flask. Oxalyl chloride (3.57 mL, 40.97 mmol) andDMF (1 drop) are then added to the mixture. The reaction mixture isheated at 80° C. overnight. The solvent is removed under vacuum and theremaining crude solid is dissolved in toluene and dried over calciumhydride followed by evaporation of solvent. 3-thiophenecarbonylchloride(7a) is a brown solid (3.02 g, 75.43%) and is directly used in example 3without further purification.

Example 3 Preparation of Compound 5a

3-dodecylaminothiophene (6a) (5.62 g, 21.01 mmol), THF (40 mL), andtriethylamine (3.87 g, 38.20 mmol) are added to a round-bottom-flaskunder nitrogen. At 0° C., 3-thiophenecarbonylchloride (7a) (2.80 g,19.10 mmol) in THF (20 mL) is then added drop wise. The reaction mixtureis then allowed to warm to room temperature and is stirred overnight.The mixture is poured into water and extracted with dichloromethane. Theorganic layer is dried over Na₂SO₄. The crude compound is purified bycolumn chromatography on silica gel with 0-10% ethyl acetate in hexaneas eluent to give compound 5a as light brown solid (6.1 g, 84.6%).¹H-NMR (400 MHz) ppm 7.26 (dd, 1H, J=3.2 Hz, J=5.1 Hz), 7.20 (dd, 1H,J=1.1 Hz, J=3.0 Hz), 7.08 (dd, 1H, J=3.0 Hz, J=5.1 Hz), 6.93 (dd, 1H,J=1.2 Hz, J=3.1 Hz), 6.91 (dd, 1H, J=1.1 Hz, J=5.1 Hz), 6.85 (dd, 1H,J=1.3 Hz, J=5.1 Hz), 3.76 (m, 2H), 1.57 (m, 2H), 1.26 (m, 18H), 0.86 (t,3H, J=6.8 Hz).

Example 4 Preparation of Compound 4a

Compound 5a (6.0 g, 15.89 mmol) is dissolved in chloroform (150mL)/acetic acid (50 mL) mixture. The flask is wrapped with aluminiumfoil to protect the reaction mixture from light. N-bromosuccinimide(11.31 g, 63.56 mmol) is added, and the reaction mixture is stirred for2 hours at room temperature followed by stirring at 50° C. The reactionis monitored by thin layer chromatography. Additional amount of NBS isadded till the reaction is completed. Water is added to quench thereaction mixture and the reaction mixture is extracted withdichloromethane. The organic layer is dried over Na₂SO₄. Crude compound4a is purified by column chromatography on silica gel with 0-60%dichloromethane in hexane as eluent to give compound 4a as a greenliquid. (4.8 g, 42.7%). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz) ppm 6.87 (s, 1H), 6.67 (s, 1H),3.69 (m, 2H), 1.54 (d, 2H, J=6.5 Hz), 1.28 (m, 18H), 0.86 (t, 3H, J=6.8Hz).

Example 5 Preparation of Compound 2a

Cu (0.348 g, 5.48 mmol) is added into a round-bottom-flask under N₂.Compound 4a (3.80 g, 5.48 mmol) in DMF (260 mL) is added and thereaction mixture is stirred at 110° C. overnight. The reaction ismonitored by thin layer chromatography. Additional Cu is added tocomplete the reaction. The reaction mixture is quenched with water andextracted with diethylether. The organic layer is washed with water anddried over Na₂SO₄. Crude compound 2a is purified by columnchromatography on silica gel with 0-70% dichloromethane in hexane aseluent to give compound 2a as brown solid (0.44 g, 15.0%). ¹H-NMR (400MHz) ppm 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 4.13 (m, 2H), 1.69 (td, 2H, J=7.6Hz, J=15.3 Hz), 1.33 (m, 18H), 0.86 (t, 3H, J=6.8 Hz).

Example 6 Preparation of Polymer P1 Essentially Consisting of the Unitof Formula 1b and/or (1′ b)

Compound 3a (0.11 g, 0.13 mmol),tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd₂ dba₃) (0.0036 g, 0.004mmol), and P(o-tolyl)₃ (0.0024 g, 0.008 mmol) are added to around-bottom-flask and purged with N₂. Compound 2a (0.07 g, 0.13 mmol)in chlorobenzene (2.5 mL) is then added and the mixture is stirred at130° C. 2-bromothiophene and 2-tributylstannylthiophene are added toendcap the polymer essentially consisting of the unit of formula 1band/or 1′ b followed by precipitation in methanol and filtration. Afterovernight Soxhlet extraction with acetone, polymer P1 essentiallyconsisting of the unit of formula 1b and/or l′ b is dissolved inchlorobenzene and reprecipitated in methanol. The final polymer P1essentially consisting of the unit of formula 1b and/or 1′ b is a brownsolid (105 mg). Mn=1.83×10⁴ g/mol, D=8.6. Elemental analysis (calcd): C,71.78 (73.36); H, 8.59 (9.07); N, 1.30 (1.56).

Example 7 Preparation of Polymer P2 Essentially Consisting of the Unitof Formula 1c and/or 1′ c

Compound 2a (0.10 g, 0.19 mmol),tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd₂ dba₃) (0.0052 g, 0.006mmol), and P(o-tolyl)₃ (0.0034 g, 0.011 mmol) are added to around-bottom-flask and purged with N₂. Compound 3b (0.17 g, 0.19 mmol)in chlorobenzene (7 mL) is then added and the mixture is stirred at 130°C. 2-bromothiophene and 2-tributylstannylthiophene are added to endcapthe polymer essentially consisting of the unit of formula 1c and/or 1′ cfollowed by precipitation in methanol and filtration. After overnightSoxhlet extraction with acetone, polymer P2 essentially consisting ofthe unit of formula 1c and/or 1′ c is dissolved in chlorobenzene andreprecipitated in methanol. The final polymer P2 essentially consistingof the unit of formula 1c and/or 1′ c is a brown solid (150 mg).Mn=1.64×10⁴ g/mol, D=3.3. Elemental analysis (calcd): C, 70.75 (71.57);H, 7.67 (8.53); N, 1.43 (1.46).

Example 8 Preparation of Top-Gate Bottom-Contact Transistors (TGBC)Containing the Polymer P1, Respectively, P2 as Semiconducting Material

Top-gate bottom-contact (TGBC) thin film transistors (TFTs) arefabricated on glass (PGO glass used as received). Au source-draincontacts (30 nm-thick) are thermally-evaporated. The substrates are thencoated with the semiconductor layer (thickness: 30 to 40 nm) byspin-coating (1500 rpm) a solution of polymer P1, respectively, P2 intoluene (concentration ˜10 mg/mL), and drying the film at 90° C. for 30seconds. A 4 weight % polystyrene solution in isopropylacetate isspin-coated (3600 rpm) and the dielectric film formed is dried at 90° C.for 30 seconds to yield a dielectric layer (thickness: 500 to 600 nm).The device structure is completed by vapor deposition of patterned Augate contacts (˜30 nm thick) through a shadow mask. Channel lengths andwidths are 50 μm and 0.5 mm, respectively, to afford W/L=10.

The top-gate, bottom-contact (TGBC) thin film transistors of example 8show the following mobility:

P1: mobility=1.5×10⁻³ cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹,P2: mobility=1.3×10⁻³ cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹.

1. A polymer comprising a unit of formula

wherein R¹ is H, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(c), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(c), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(c), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(d), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(d), monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(d), C₆₋₁₄-aryl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(e) or monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(e), wherein R^(c) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR², —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR², —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂, —CONHR², —CONR²R³, —CO—H, —COR², C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue; R^(d) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR², —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR², —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂, —CONHR², —CONR²R³, —CO—H, —COR², C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue; R^(e) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR², —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR², —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂, —CONHR², —CONR²R³, —CO—H, —COR², C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl and monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, wherein R² and R³ at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue, X is N or C—R⁴, wherein R⁴ is H, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(f), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(f), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(f), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(g), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(g), monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(g), C₆₋₁₄-aryl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(h) or monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(h), wherein R^(f) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONR⁵R⁶, —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue; R^(g) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONR⁵R⁶, —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue; R^(h) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONR⁵R⁶, —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl and monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, wherein R⁵ and R⁶ at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue, G¹ and G² are independently from each other C₆₋₁₄-arylene optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(a) or bivalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(a), wherein R^(a) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁸, —S—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁸, —NR⁸R⁹, —NH—COR⁸, —COOH, —COOR⁸, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁸, —CONR⁸R⁹, —CO—H, —COR⁸, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(i), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(i), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(i), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j) and monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j), wherein R⁸ and R⁹ at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue, R^(i) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁰, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR¹⁰, —NH—COR¹⁰, —COOH, —COOR¹⁰, —CONH₂, —CONHR¹⁰, —CO—H, —COR¹⁰, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue; R^(j) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁰, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NH—COR¹⁰, —COOH, —COOR¹⁰, —CONH₂, —CONHR¹⁰, —CONR¹⁰R¹¹, —CO—H, —COR¹⁰, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue; wherein R¹⁰ and R¹¹ at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue, or G¹ and G² are independently from each other

wherein R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are independently from each other H or C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, L is C₆₋₂₄-arylene optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(b) or bivalent 5 to 24 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(b), wherein R^(b) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹², —S—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR¹², —NR¹²R¹³, —NH—COR¹², —COOH, —COOR¹², —CONH₂, —CONHR¹², —CONR¹²R¹³, —CO—H, —COR¹², C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(l), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(l) and monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(l), wherein R¹² and R¹³ at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue, R^(k) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁴, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR¹⁴, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NH—COR¹⁴, —COOH, —COOR¹⁴, —CONH₂, —CONHR¹⁴, —CONR¹⁴R¹⁵, —CO—H, —COR¹⁴, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue; R^(l) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁴, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR¹⁴, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NH—COR¹⁴, —COOH, —COOR¹⁴, —CONH₂, —CONHR¹⁴, —CONR¹⁴R¹⁵, —CO—H, —COR¹⁴, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue; wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue, or L is

wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently from each other H, —CN or halogen, q and s are independently from each other 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, r is 0, 1 or 2, and n is an integer from 2 to 10,000.
 2. The polymer of claim 1, wherein R¹ is H or C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(c), wherein R^(c) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR², —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR², —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂, —CONHR², —CONR²R³, —CO—H, —COR², C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue; wherein R² and R³ at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue, X is C—R⁴, wherein R⁴ is H or C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(f), wherein R^(f) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONR⁵R⁶, —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue, and G¹, G², L, q, s, r and n are as defined in claim
 1. 3. The polymer of claim 1, wherein R¹ is C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(c), wherein R^(c) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR², —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR², —NR²R³, —NH—COR², —COOH, —COOR², —CONH₂, —CONHR², —CONR²R³, —CO—H, —COR², C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue; wherein R² and R³ at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue, X is C—R⁴, wherein R⁴ is H or C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents wherein R^(f) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁵, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁵, —NR⁵R⁶, —NH—COR⁵, —COOH, —COOR⁵, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁵, —CONR⁵R⁶, —CO—H, —COR⁵, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue; wherein R⁵ and R⁶ at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue, and G¹, G², L, q, s, r and n are as defined in claim
 1. 4. The polymer of claim 1 wherein R¹ is C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, X is C—R⁴, wherein R⁴ is H, and G¹, G², L, q, s, r and n are as defined in claim
 1. 5. The polymer of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein G¹ and G² are independently from each other monocyclic bivalent 5 to 8 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents R^(a), wherein R^(a) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —O—COR⁸, —S—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR⁸, —NR⁸R⁹, —NH—COR⁸, —COOH, —COOR⁸, —CONH₂, —CONHR⁸, —CONR⁸R⁹, —CO—H, —COR⁸, C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(i), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(i), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(i), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j) and monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(j), wherein R⁸ and R⁹ at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue, R^(i) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁰, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NH—COR¹⁰, —COOH, —COOR¹⁰, —CONH₂, —CONHR¹⁰, —CONR¹⁰R¹¹, —CO—H, —COR¹⁰, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue; R^(j) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁰, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR¹⁰, —NH—COR¹⁰, —COOH, —COOR¹⁰, —CONH₂, —CONHR¹⁰, —CONR¹⁰R¹¹, —CO—H, —COR¹⁰, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue; wherein R¹⁰ and R¹¹ at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue.
 6. The polymer of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein L is monocyclic bivalent 5 to 8 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents wherein R^(b) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₃₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹², —S—C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR¹², —NR¹²R¹³, —NH—COR¹², —COOH, —COOR¹², —CONH₂, —CONHR¹², —CONR¹²R¹³, —CO—H, —COR¹², C₁₋₃₀-alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(k), C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(l), C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(l) and monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents R^(l), wherein R¹² and R¹³ at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₃₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue, R^(k) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁴, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR¹⁴, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NH—COR¹⁴, —COOH, —COOR¹⁴, —CONH₂, —CONHR¹⁴, —CONR¹⁴R¹⁵, —CO—H, —COR¹⁴, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue; R^(l) at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of ═O, ═C(CN)₂, —O—C₂₋₆-alkylene-O—, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy, —O—CH₂CH₂O—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —O—COR¹⁴, —S—C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, —NH₂, —NHR¹⁴, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NH—COR¹⁴, —COOH, —COOR¹⁴, —CONH₂, —CONHR¹⁴, —CONR¹⁴R¹⁵, —CO—H, —COR¹⁴, C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue; wherein R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ at each occurrence are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀-alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀-cycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀-cycloalkenyl, monovalent 3 to 14 membered aliphatic heterocyclic residue, C₆₋₁₄-aryl and monovalent 5 to 14 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue, Or L is

wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently from each other H or C₁₋₃₀-alkyl.
 7. The polymer of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein G¹ and G² are independently from each other monocyclic bivalent 5 to 8 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents R^(a), wherein R^(a) at each occurrence are independently from each other C₁₋₃₀-alkyl.
 8. The polymer of any of claims 1 to 7, wherein L is monocyclic bivalent 5 to 8 membered aromatic heterocyclic residue, wherein L can be optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents R^(b), wherein R^(b) at each occurrence are independently from each other C₁₋₃₀-alkyl, or L is

wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are both H.
 9. The polymer of any of claims 1 to 8, wherein q and s are both 1, r is 1, and n is an integer from 5 to 10,000.
 10. The polymer of claim 1, wherein the unit of formula (1) is a unit of formula

wherein R¹, X, R^(a), L and n are as defined in claim
 1. 11. The polymer of claim 10, wherein L is

and R¹, X, R^(a) and n are as defined in claim
 1. 12. The polymer of claim 10 or claim 11, wherein R¹ and X are as defined in claim 3 and R^(a) and n are as defined in claim
 1. 13. The polymer of claim 10 or claim 11, wherein R¹ and X are as defined in claim 4 and R^(a) is as defined in claim 7, and n is as defined in claim
 1. 14. The polymer of any of claims 1 to 13, wherein n is an integer from 5 to 5,000, more preferably from 5 to 1,000, even more preferably from 5 to 100, and most preferably from 10 to
 100. 15. An electronic device comprising the polymer of any of claims 1 to 14 as semiconducting material.
 16. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the electronic device is an organic field effect transistor (OFET).
 17. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the electronic device is organic photovoltaic device (OPV).
 18. Use of the polymer of any of claims 1 to 14 as semiconducting material. 